Amino Acid

The primary chemical building blocks the body uses to produce protein. A deficiency of even a single amino acid can impair the body’s production of many proteins, and result in hormone imbalances, breakdown of muscle tissue, and weakened immune function.

Antigen

Substance or a structural part (epitope) of a substance which causes the immune system to produce specific antibody or specific cells and which combines with specific binding sites (epitopes) on the antibody or cells.

Antioxidant

A substance that works to slow or prevent the generation of free radical molecular groups in the body, thereby protecting against degenerative cell damage associated with oxidative stress.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate. An important compound for the storage of energy in cells, as well as the synthesis (formation) of nucleic acids.

Auto-immune disease

Pathological condition resulting when an organism produces antibodies or specific cells which bind to constituents of its own tissues (autoantigens) and cause tissue injury: examples of such disease may include rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma.

Cell

The primary unit of physical life, whose integral structure and optimal status is crucial for the healthy functioning of the human body.

Cell Membrane

The surrounding border of the cell, formed of proteins and lipids, that encloses the cell and controls the movement of substances inside and outside of the cell. Also called the plasma membrane.

Cell Signaling

Communication among individual cells so as to coordinate their behavior to benefit the organism as a whole. Cell-signaling systems elucidated in animal cells include cell-surface and intracellular receptor proteins, protein kinases and protein phosphatases (enzymes that phosphorylate and dephosphorylate proteins), and GTP-binding proteins.

Coenzyme

A molecule that binds to an enzyme and is essential for its activity, but is not permanently altered by the reaction. Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins.

Detoxification

The process the liver uses to break down harmful substances in the body, such as toxins, drugs, and waste products, to render them harmless and eliminate them from the body.

DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid.

A long thread-like molecule made up of large numbers of nucleotides. Nucleotides in DNA are composed of a nitrogen containing base, a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and phosphate groups. The sequence of bases in DNA serves as the carrier of genetic (hereditary) information.

Folic Acid

Promotes normal red-blood-cell formation. Maintains the nervous system, intestinal tract, sex organs, white bloods cells and normal patterns of growth. Regulates embryonic and fetal development of nerve cells. Promotes normal growth and development. Treats animas due to folic-acid deficiency occurring from alcoholism, liver disease, hemolytic anemia, sprue, pregnancy, breast-feeding and oral contraceptives.

Electron Transport Chain

A group of electron carriers in mitochondria that transport electrons to and from each other in a sequence, in order to generate ATP.

Enzyme

A biological catalyst. That is, a substance that increases the speed of a chemical reaction without being changed in the overall process. Enzymes are vitally important to the regulation of the chemistry of cells and organisms.

Fatty Acid

An organic acid molecule consisting of a chain of carbon molecules and a carboxylic acid (COOH) group. Fatty acids are found in fats, oils, and as components of a number of essential lipids, such as phospholipids and triglycerides. Fatty acids can be burned by the body for energy.

Free Radical

A very reactive atom or molecule typically possessing a single unpaired electron.

Gene

A region of DNA that controls a specific hereditary characteristic, usually corresponding to a single protein.

Gene Expression

The full use of the information in a gene through transcription and translation leading to production of a protein.

Hypoxia

Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching body tissues.

Inflammation

The nonspecific immune response that occurs in reaction to any type of bodily injury. It is a stereotyped response that is identical whether the injurious agent is a pathogenic organism, foreign body, ischemia, physical trauma, ionizing radiation, electrical energy or extremes of temperature.

Inflammatory disease

Diseases that are characterized by activation of the immune system to abnormal levels that lead to disease.

Ischemia

A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO)

A treatment where the patient is inside a chamber and breathes oxygen at higher-than-atmospheric pressure. This high-pressure oxygen is used for people with acute needs including wound healing, recovery from stroke, cerebral palsy and a variety of other disorders.

Metabolism

The vast range of cellular and biochemical processes the body uses to create and convert the substances necessary for health and existence.

Mitochondria

Energy-producing structures within cells. Mitochondria possess two sets of membranes, a smooth continuous outer membrane, and an inner membrane arranged in folds. Among other critical functions, mitochondria convert nutrients into energy via the electron transport chain.

Oxidant

A reactive oxygen species.

Oxidation

A chemical reaction that removes electrons from an atom or molecule.

Oxidative Stress Response  (Oxidative Response)

Regulation that occurs in the system to counteract oxidative stress. In mammals oxidative stress responses are complex and undertaken by many different regulators. Progress is currently being made to understand these regulators in humans.

Oxidative Stress

Adverse effects occurring when the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a system exceeds the system’s ability to neutralize and eliminate them; excess ROS can damage a cell’s lipids, protein or DNA. Oxidative Stress is linked to tissue damage, accelerated aging, and degenerative disease. Oxidative stress can result from many factors, including exposure to alcohol, medications, poor nutrition, trauma, cold, toxins, and over-exercise.

Oxygen Therapy

Administration of concentrated oxygen for therapeutic reasons. Oxygen therapy benefits the patient by increasing the supply of oxygen to the lungs and thereby increasing the availability of oxygen to the body tissues. Appropriate levels of oxygen are vital to support cell respiration. High blood and tissue levels of oxygen can be helpful or damaging, depending on circumstances.

Protein

The second most common component of the body, besides water. Protein is crucial for the body’s tissue development and growth. The body builds protein from amino acids. Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s cells, tissues, and organs, and each protein has unique functions.

Prooxidant

An atom or molecule that promotes oxidation of another atom or molecule by accepting electrons. Examples of prooxidants include free radicals, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Highly reactive chemicals, containing oxygen, that react easily with other molecules, resulting in potentially damaging modifications. Normal oxygen metabolism generates ROS which can injure the cell. Inflammation, aging, high concentrations of oxygen and toxins greatly increase the formation of ROS. Protective enzymes and antioxidants help remove ROS.

Receptor

A protein on or protruding from the cell surface to which select chemicals can bind. Binding of a specific molecule (ligand) may result in a cellular signal, or the internalization of the receptor and the ligand.

Redox Reaction

Another term for an oxidation-reduction reaction. A redox reaction is any reaction in which electrons are removed from one molecule or atom and transferred to another molecule or atom. In such a reaction one substance is oxidized (loses electrons) while the other is reduced (gains electrons).

Reduction

A chemical reaction in which a molecule or atom gains electrons.

RNA – Ribonuceic Acid

A chain of nucleotides, which are composed of a nitrogen containing base, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose), and phosphate groups. RNA functions in the translation of the genetic information in DNA to protein synthesis.

Scavenge (Free Radicals)

To combine readily with free radicals, preventing them from reacting with other molecules.

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